Russia’s war in Ukraine will lead to slower than expected growth across the developing world this year and next, pushing millions into extreme poverty and raising the risk of a debt crisis in low and middle-income countries, the World Bank has warned.

The fallout from the war will exacerbate the effects of the pandemic, leaving 75mn more in extreme poverty than expected in 2019, the bank warned in its latest economic outlook yesterday.

“At the start of the year we expected things to be bad,” said Ayhan Kose, head of the bank’s economic forecasting unit. “Now they are going from bad to worse, and the policy response will be critical.”

He added: “The faster than expected tightening of financial conditions worldwide could push countries into the kind of debt crisis we saw in the 1980s. That is a real threat and something we are worried about.”

The bank’s twice-yearly Global Economic Prospects report said conditions were similar to those of the 1970s, when steep rises in interest rates were needed to curb inflation. Those rate rises sparked a global recession and debt crises in developing economies. While the commodity price shock has been less severe so far, further rises in the cost of goods and continued outbreaks of Covid-19 could lead to steeper interest rate rises, raising the risk of a debt crisis.

Central banks are raising rates rapidly in a widespread tightening of monetary policy. Over the three months to the end of May, more than 60 rises were announced. More are expected in the months ahead.

“Even quite small increases in borrowing costs will be a problem,” said Franziska Ohnsorge, a lead author of the report. “Global interest rates were lower in 2019 and capital was chasing places to invest. That is going to turn —we are already seeing outflows [from emerging market assets].”

World Bank data show that foreign debt in low-income countries rose by $15.5bn to about $166bn in 2020. Foreign debt in middle-income countries rose by $423bn to more than $8.5tn, leaving them very exposed to sharper than expected interest rate rises.

Under the World Bank’s base case scenario, global growth will fall from 5.7 per cent last year to 2.9 per cent this year and 3 per cent in 2023. But higher than expected interest rates rises and energy prices and a continuation of Covid-19 would cut global growth to 2.1 per cent this year and just 1.5 per cent in 2023.

In advanced economies, growth was 5.1 per cent last year and was set to fall to 2.6 per cent this year and 2.2 per cent in 2023 under the bank’s case. This could fall to 2 per cent this year and just 0.8 per cent next year if risks materialise.

Growth in emerging and developing economies was 6.6 per cent last year and will fall to 3.4 per cent this year and 4.2 per cent next year. In the risky scenario, it would fall to 2.2 per cent this year before making a partial recovery to 2.6 per cent in 2023.

The report found that the combined impact of the pandemic and the war would leave global economic output in the five years from 2020 to 2024 more than 20 per cent below the level implied by growth between 2010 and 2019.